10 Important Questions About Cervical Cancer — Causes, Screening & Prevention

By Dr. Chetna Jain

Cervical cancer remains one of the most preventable yet still common cancers affecting women in India. The encouraging reality is that with awareness, vaccination, and regular screening, most cases can be detected early—or even prevented entirely.

Here are 10 common questions women ask about cervical cancer, along with practical prevention guidance.

1️⃣ What is cervical cancer?

Cervical cancer develops in the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It usually grows slowly and often begins with precancerous changes that can be detected early through screening.

2️⃣ What causes cervical cancer?

The primary cause is persistent infection with Human Papillomavirus (HPV)—a very common virus transmitted through intimate contact. Most HPV infections clear naturally, but some high-risk types can lead to cancer over time.

3️⃣ Who is at higher risk?

Risk factors include:

• Early sexual activity

• Multiple partners

• Smoking

• Weak immunity

• Long-term untreated HPV infection

• Skipping regular screening

However, any woman can develop cervical cancer, which is why screening matters.

4️⃣ What are the early symptoms?

Early stages often show no symptoms, which makes screening essential. As it progresses, warning signs may include:

• Unusual vaginal bleeding (between periods or after intercourse)

• Foul-smelling discharge

• Pelvic pain

• Pain during intercourse

Any persistent change should be evaluated promptly.

5️⃣ How is cervical cancer detected?

The most effective screening test is the Pap smear, which detects abnormal cervical cells before they become cancerous. HPV testing may also be advised depending on age and risk.

6️⃣ How often should I get a Pap smear?

Generally:

• Start screening around age 21

• Repeat every 3 years (or as advised)

• Women above 30 may combine Pap smear with HPV testing

Your gynecologist will guide you based on your health history.

7️⃣ Can cervical cancer be prevented?

Yes—this is one of the few cancers that is largely preventable through:

• HPV vaccination

• Regular Pap smear screening

• Safe hygiene and lifestyle practices

• Early treatment of abnormal cells

Prevention works best when started early.

8️⃣ Is the HPV vaccine safe and useful?

Yes. The HPV vaccine protects against high-risk virus strains responsible for most cervical cancer cases. It is recommended ideally in adolescence but can still benefit young adult women after consultation.

9️⃣ If abnormal cells are found, does it mean cancer?

Not necessarily. Many abnormal results indicate precancerous changes, which can be treated early before cancer develops. This is exactly why screening saves lives.

🔟 What lifestyle habits help reduce risk?

You can lower your risk by:

✔ Getting vaccinated for HPV

✔ Attending regular gynecological check-ups

✔ Avoiding smoking

✔ Maintaining good reproductive hygiene

✔ Seeking early care for unusual symptoms

Small preventive steps can make a huge difference.

Dr. Chetna Jain’s Clinical Insight

In my years of practice, I have seen that cervical cancer is often diagnosed late—not because it’s untreatable, but because women delay screening. The women who come for routine Pap smears rarely face advanced disease.

Awareness removes fear. Screening saves lives.